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[Ideas For Design]
Control circuit keeps dc motor running at constant speed

Contributing Author  |   ED Online ID #6315  |   March 23, 1998


The aim of the circuit presented here is to keep the permanent magnet dc motor running at a constant speed, set externally. To do this, the current through, and the voltage across, the brushes of the motor are monitored. The voltage consists of two components: First, a back-EMF generated by the windings of the armature moving through the magnetic field of the motor. Secondly, there’s a voltage caused by the current passing through the real resistance of the windings and the brushes.

The current through the motor armature is caused to pass through a resistance (rm/10) that is, for example, approximately 0.1 as large as the ohmic resistance of the motor. The voltage across this resistance is then amplified by a factor of approximately 10, and the resulting voltage is added to a second voltage in a differential amplifier. This second voltage is the voltage as measured across the two brushes of the motor.

The output of this amplifier is compared to the reference voltage (provided externally to the circuit, which determines the speed of rotation of the motor) in another differential amplifier. The output difference is used to control the output of a power output stage that drives the motor. In this way, the reference voltage is compared to the back-EMF and the motor is caused to run at a constant speed set by the reference voltage. To soften the switch from driving to not driving, a sawtooth waveform is superimposed on the reference voltage.

In the schematic, the voltage across the motor is measured (amp 12), multiplied by minus one and fed to one input of a difference amplifier (amp 21) At the same time, the voltage across resistor rm/10 is measured and multiplied by approximately minus ten (amp 11). This output is fed to the other input of amp 21.

The exact factor by which the voltage across rm/10 has to be multiplied can be set on the pot “TWEAK rm”. To accomplish this, the motor is disconnected from the output stage and fed through a suitable resistor, say 330 Ω, and then stalled. “TWEAK rm” is adjusted until the output of amp 21 is zero (it may be necessary to use a compromise setting if the value of the resistance isn’t the same at all positions of the rotor).

The output of amp 21 is then equal to the back-EMF of the motor (reconnect the motor to the output stage and adjust the gain and stiffness controls to suit your application). This output is fed into one input of a differential amplifier (amp 31) and compared to a reference voltage (provided externally). The output of this amplifier is the error signal and is used to drive the output stage (amp 32, BC337, and BC327) to keep the motor running at the speed at which the back-EMF equals the reference voltage.

The reference voltage includes a small sawtooth component to provide a softer transition from driving to not driving. The size of this component is controlled by the potentiometer labeled “Stiffness Adj.” and comes from the oscillator (amp 22), whose frequency is controlled by the pot labeled “Frequency Adj.”

The three op amps employed here were from a quad op amp CA0358E; the motor is 440-127. Both are from Radio Shack. But the circuit will work with almost any op amp and dc motor, although the output stage would need more powerful output transistors if a bigger motor is used.

See associated figure


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    Reader Comments

    hi, i need circuit diagram&discription to measure the backemf of brushed and brushless dc for my project

    subose -July 26, 2008

    please give me the control technique to control the speed of the dc motor by wireless techniques using a microcontroller.

    BITTU -July 18, 2008

    i need an igbt based circuit driver for running servo motor so that rpm can be increased.

    sheetal -July 17, 2008

    please i need to conntrol motor speed with pwm generator and control speed with microcontroller same as at89c51.

    Anonymous -June 25, 2008

    i nead circuit diagram for control speed for dc motor and flaybak

    jony -June 24, 2008

    24v dc motor 0.5 HP is possible or available in the market?

    sankar -May 28, 2008

    Hello...i need to know how to use/to write the program of the pic(16f877)by using spwm inverter to control the speed of dc motor..is it by using the pic basic software is better than other programming language?

    Anonymous -April 29, 2008

    Thank u sir v r using this for our project i.e electromechanical segway .........

    Tejas -April 11, 2008

    Sir. I am also in badly need of the same circute for my treadmill .if you got any information please let me know. my treadmill is outof order for the past one year. Regards PETER

    Anonymous -April 11, 2008

    sir i want a control circuit of a dc motor using a microcontoller to our project

    abebaw -April 08, 2008

    please sent me a DC motor,stepper motor , servo motor controling basics thory and circuits using pic microcontroller or other.

    Anonymous -April 03, 2008

    help me for designing driver circuit for CT60AM-18f(igbt)to build the four quadrant opertion ckt for a dc motor.

    babu -March 18, 2008

    help me for designing driver circuit for CT60AM-18f(igbt)to build the four quadrant opertion ckt for a dc motor.

    babu -March 18, 2008

    i want control DC motor using PWM CKT

    Anonymous -March 08, 2008

    i need an interfacing circuit of DC motor with 89c51 using an H-bridge and L293 IC

    chris -March 07, 2008

    I want make microcontroller based wireless robotic crane. Plese give me some advice or any matiral about this Project.

    kirti -February 26, 2008

    sir i want a control circuit of a dc motor using a microcontroller for our project emg based wheel chair controlling

    jayaprakash -February 07, 2008

    how to control a dc motor wire less

    Anonymous -January 18, 2008

    i am in final year my option is power in inlec i want any one u have project about speed controller ac motor to send me in my mail is nailsaihi@yahoo.com

    nono -November 29, 2007

    please give me the circuit of system control motor dc. thank you very much!

    Anonymous -November 04, 2007

    please give me the circuit of system control motor dc. thank you very much!

    Anonymous -November 04, 2007

    I want to design simply curcuit to control AC motor(2hp) samani

    Anonymous -August 27, 2007

    Very useful artical .I ssed it for my project

    Kapil Kulkarni -August 09, 2007

    iplease tell me the details of ac motor speed controlling system using PWM techniques

    abishek -July 20, 2007

    I would like to control speed and position of Dc motor kindly assist diagram matee

    Anonymous -July 18, 2007

    i need circuit diagram&discription,abstract of wire less speed control of ac motor for my project

    VIDHYA -July 11, 2007

    please tell me how to create wireless speed control of ac motor

    Anonymous -July 11, 2007

    Hi Mahen,

    You can use PID controller with PWM driver, please contact me at hasan_murod@yahoo.com if you need further assistant.

    Hasan Murod -July 09, 2007

    Hi Mahen,

    You can use PID controller with PWM driver, please contact me at hasan_murod@yahoo.com if you need further assistant.

    Hasan Murod -July 09, 2007

    I need a 24v 50amp dc motor control circir with regulation. if someone can provide it will be werymuch helpfull for me.

    thanks

    mahen

    mahen -June 29, 2007

    to: bikram dasgupta you can use the PWM technique to control the speed of a DC motor;such that by varying the armature voltage

    Anonymous -May 22, 2007

    want controler circuit dc motor (220v dc) and can adjust the speed

    bikram dasgupta -May 21, 2007

    want controler circuit dc motor (12-24v) and can adjust the speed

    sniper -April 20, 2007

    audio circiut

    zima_1st -April 07, 2007

    I JUST WANT TO THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE MICROCOMPUTER AND THE MICROCONTROLLER ON AREVOLUTION SPEED READER

    princeossas -March 27, 2007

    hi i am doing project on to control no of machines that is switching control only. i wnt to control some motors to run at some time and some motors at some other time. can any body tell soft ware for this projct i am using 89c51 ic

    arun kumar -March 26, 2007

    Hi, I do realy need some think about the application of power electronics in elevator drives. thank you very much

    mansouri Yo -March 24, 2007

    it was ok but i still need the full circuit of the controlling unit

    hassan mohamed abu-abdella -March 23, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    Please help me. I'm producing bolt, nut and fastener..I would like to design an Auto-checker machine, this auto-checker will cope with any replacement of mold within available distance of sensor or other change of environment through active tracking because the microcomputer IC operates with automatic set up so that it can grasp all machine conditions after its establishment and be suitable for machine fluidity(play) and sensor distance. Speed : one stroke 1200 times/min. two stroke 600 tyimes/min Available distance of sensor: 0.2-3.5mm after the replacement of mold with this available scope, any sensor distance does not need to readjustment. Dismantling capacity: 2/1000mm..

    Thanks

    Hung nguyen -March 07, 2007

    hi.i need a big of resarch abuot dc motor. tancks

    naghi -March 07, 2007

    my e-mail; vinayshivhare@gmail.com

    VINAY -March 01, 2007

    Hi I m doing Final yr Mechanical Engg. For my project, ijust need a basic funda used in regenarative braking system, can anybody help me out....Please, mail me...

    Vinay -March 01, 2007

    hi! i am making my final year project on digital speedometer.. n by using a microcontroller i am actuating a signal whenever the speed exceeds a particular limit.. now in want to control the speed of the motor or anything whose rpms can be noted... so tell me how i can do the same(speed limiting of a motor or a vehicle)

    Saurabh Agarwal -February 26, 2007

    i want to control a dc motor by using computer, when i enter the data in computer motor runs according to that data

    dhaval -February 12, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    how to use Pulse width modulation facility in 89C51 for digital to analog conversion

    Deshpande -December 29, 2006

    i need a circuit for microcontroller based speed switch .............

    jai -December 29, 2006   (Article Rating: )

    hi how can I control the speed of a 1 hp, ac motor(capacitor start and capacitor run)from 0 rpm to 1440 rpm(which is its actual rpm).can you provide me circuit diagram?

    renjith -November 15, 2006

    no circuit diagram for ac control circuir (amp 5)using contractor really etc please send for our project

    Anonymous -November 14, 2006

    1. How to control speed of dc motor by using pulse width modulation technique.

    2. Tell me about microcontroller based elevator. 3. Tell me about microprocessor based elevator

    vivek -September 29, 2006

    i need to control the speed of a squirrel cage induction motor with voltz/hz control with microcontroller.

    Anonymous -September 22, 2006

    i ned to control the speed of a squirrel cage induction motor with volts/hz method with microcontroller

    tanushree -September 22, 2006

    I want to do project on H bridge dc motor control as well as its speed through microcontroller. Plz, information on it.

    krishna -July 03, 2006

    I already made the total circuit diagram to control the dc motor may be upto 3 HP. Now i need help only to programme the microcontroller AT89C51 / AT89s52.

    ManojPathak -June 29, 2006

    I already made the total circuit diagram to control the dc motor may be upto 3 HP. Now i need help only to programme the microcontroller AT89C51 / AT89s52.

    ManojPathak -June 29, 2006

    This article is very helpful. cud u give me the circuit to control a dc motor using PWM and measuring its back emf with PIC16f88.

    masan -June 19, 2006   (Article Rating: )

    i need a simple circuite for controol DC or AC motors

    hossein -May 31, 2006

    I need to automate my coffee maker, can I use this circuit to email me the water temperature?

    juan -April 27, 2006   (Article Rating: )

    Can microcontroller(AT89c51) drive the mosfet IRF 840,if no please give a circuit for the same.

    jij -April 21, 2006   (Article Rating: )

    iranic

    mohammad -March 30, 2006   (Article Rating: )

    I have an unusual question related to health problems and electromagnetic fields....due to fibromyalgia I have become very sensitive to emf. If I use a dialup connection for the internet, I do better than if I used a high speed dsl modem. Can you explain why that might happen? Does it makes the computer operate faster? Would a fiber optic connection be different than dsl? Many thanks!

    Anonymous -March 25, 2006

    may i use this circuit on 80 vdc

    shahid -March 23, 2006

    What is the value of frequency adjust potentiometer. what is the value of input voltage from computer.

    fahi -March 12, 2006   (Article Rating: )

    How to control the motor speed using AT89C51 -PWM . Using the V/F control method

    Pri -February 20, 2006

    i need a variable speed control circuit to control 2hp ac induction motor

    jayant Patel -February 14, 2006

    I am making a robot which will reduce its speed depending upon its distance from obstacle. How do i control the dc motor using mcro-controller AT89C51. ( circuit diagrams with working)

    Anirudha -January 18, 2006

    i want idea to add to my proj. so i want get some idea from your head my project is control in speed of dc motor under differents load by using microcontroller

    majo -January 17, 2006

    i want idea to add to my proj. so i want get some idea from your head my project is control in speed of dc motor under differents load by using microcontroller

    majo -January 17, 2006

    I need a circuit that changes the speed of the motor according to the temperature. I think i can use NTC thermistor. I seriously need help!!!!

    Gabino -December 07, 2005   (Article Rating: )

    i need the control circuit for battery operated vehicle....

    ramesh -October 21, 2005   (Article Rating: )

    Hi I have now project but i want idea to add to my proj. so i want get some idea from your head my project is control in speed of dc motor under differents load by using microcontroller 86C52 and the difecult part is we want enter the value of speed by keypad throug the microcontroller. plz help me

    Hi I Neen for all help -October 11, 2005

    Frequency adjust potentiometer has no value in the schematic. What is its value?

    Input voltage from computer, what approximate voltage is it?

    Thank you,

    Eli.

    Eli Zeichner -August 14, 2005   (Article Rating: )

    i need to control the dc motor in a light seeking robot. can you help me with some guidelines? thanks

    dyan -August 01, 2005

    i need a variable speed control circuit to control 2hp motor

    farhan -June 08, 2005   (Article Rating: )

    Please help me to design the circuit for controlling variable speed dc motor (11Kw) using SCR.

    Nguyen Hanh -April 27, 2005

    i need the control circuit for battery operated vehlcle....

    mahesh -March 08, 2005

    I need to control motor speed with a PWM generator and control speed with microcontroller same as at 89c51.

    Hosein -March 01, 2005

    The article is OK but without more info on how to make a variable speed controller...???

    Speedy100 -December 13, 2004

    The article is fine, but how do I make this work for controlling a dc motor with variable speed?

    Debasish -November 14, 2004

    Please tell me how to control motors using wireless remote circuits.

    Nivantha -October 25, 2004

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