Take a ride on the University of Delaware’s Fuel Cell bus, and you will find out that fuel cells can power vehicles in an environmentally friendly way. In just the last two years, Toyota, Hyundai, and Honda have released vehicles that run on fuel cells, and carmakers such as GM, BMW, and Volkswagen are working on prototypes.
If their power sources lasted longer and cost less, fuel-cell vehicles could enter the mainstream faster. A team of engineers at the University of Delaware (Fig. 1) could turn that possibility into reality—they developed a technology that makes fuel cells cheaper and more durable.
A team of University of Delaware engineering faculty members and department leaders brought their research groups together to develop a new type of fuel cell. This illustration includes Professors Ajay K. Prasad, Suresh G. Advani, Dionisios Vlachos, and Yushan Yan. (Courtesy of Joy Smoker)
The team describes their results in a paper published in Nature Communications. Authors include Weiqing Zheng, a research associate at the Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation; Liang Wang, an associate scientist in the Department of Mechanical Engineering (Fig. 2); Fei Deng, a research associate in materials science and engineering; Stephen A. Giles, a graduate student in chemical and biomolecular engineering; Ajay K. Prasad, Engineering Alumni Distinguished Professor and chair of the Department of Mechanical Engineering; Suresh G. Advani, George W. Laird Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering; Yushan Yan, Distinguished Engineering Professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the Associate Dean for Research and Entrepreneurship for the College of Engineering; and Dionisios Vlachos, Allan and Myra Ferguson Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and director of the Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation.
Cleaner Energy, Lower Cost
Hydrogen-powered fuel cells are a green alternative to internal combustion engines because they produce power through electrochemical reactions, leaving no pollution behind. Materials called catalysts spur these electrochemical reactions.
Platinum is the most common catalyst in the fuel cells used in vehicles. However, platinum is expensive—the metal costs around $30,000 per kilogram.
So, the UD team turned to a catalyst of tungsten carbide, which goes for around $150 per kilogram. They were able to produce tungsten-carbide nanoparticles that are much smaller and more scalable than previous methods.
“The material is typically made at very high temperatures, about 1,500°C, and at these temperatures, it grows big and has little surface area for chemistry to take place on,” said Vlachos. “Our approach is one of the first to make nanoscale material of high surface area that can be commercially relevant for catalysis.”
2. Weiqing Zheng, a research associate at the Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, and Liang Wang, an associate scientist in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, examine a sample in a lab using focused-ion-beam analysis. (Courtesy of Doug Baker)
The researchers made the tungsten-carbide nanoparticles using a series of steps, including hydrothermal treatment, separation, reduction, and carburization.
“We can isolate the individual tungsten-carbide nanoparticles during the process and make a very uniform distribution of particle size,” said Zheng.
Next, the researchers incorporated the tungsten-carbide nanoparticles into the membrane of a fuel cell. Automotive fuel cells, known as proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), contain a polymeric membrane. This membrane separates the cathode from the anode, which splits hydrogen (H2) into ions (protons) and delivers them to the cathode that puts out current.
The plastic-like membrane wears down over time, especially if it undergoes too many wet/dry cycles. This can happen easily, because water and heat are produced during the electrochemical reactions in fuel cells. When tungsten carbide is incorporated into the fuel-cell membrane, it humidifies the membrane at a level that optimizes performance.
“The tungsten-carbide catalyst improves the water management of fuel cells and reduces the burden of the humidification system,” said Wang.
The team also found that tungsten carbide captures damaging free radicals before they can degrade the fuel-cell membrane. As a result, membranes with tungsten-carbide nanoparticles will last longer than traditional versions.
“The low-cost catalyst we have developed can be incorporated within the membrane to improve performance and power density,” said Prasad. “As a result, the physical size of the fuel-cell stack can be reduced for the same power, making it lighter and cheaper. Furthermore, our catalyst is able to deliver higher performance without sacrificing durability, which is a big improvement over similar efforts by other groups.”
The UD research team applied innovative methods to test the durability of a fuel cell made with tungsten carbide. They used a scanning electron microscope and focused ion beam to obtain thin-slice images of the membrane, which they analyzed with software, rebuilding the three-dimensional structure of the membranes to determine fuel-cell longevity.
The group has applied for a patent and hopes to commercialize the technology.
“This is a very good example of how different groups across departments can collaborate,” said Zheng.
