Guarded Limiters Improve High-Impedance Sensor Dynamic Range (.PDF Download)

Measuring the signals from extremely high-impedance sensors is a difficult task. Such sensors can have output impedances in the teraohms (TΩ).  The tiny signal currents coming from sensors like Faraday cups and photodiodes require electrometer-grade amplifiers for measurement. Amplifiers of this type can resolve currents as small as 1 femtoampere (fA) when configured as a transimpedance amplifier (TIA)...

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