Phase-locked-loop (PLL) frequency synthesizers are signal sources often employed in many types of electronic equipment. They show up as clock sources in high-frequency instruments and as local oscillators in a variety of radios and wireless gear. Instrument examples include oscilloscopes, signal waveform generators, vector signal analyzers, and communications test sets. Among the wireless applications are land mobile radios, cellular base stations, microwave backhaul units, and most software-defined radios...
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