Modeling Integrated Magnetic Components

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The use of integrated magnetics is a promising technique to help reduce the size of the magnetic components, achieve higher power density and improve the behavior of the circuit. ^{[3, 4, 5, 6]} As more power electronics are utilized within the automotive, aerospace/defense and power supply industries, the drive to further reduce the size and profile and increase the performance and reliability of these components continues at a rapid pace. However, the design of these components is not a trivial task because the selection of the core, air gaps and winding setup is not evident.

The availability of a valid electrical model allows the designer to select the appropriate constructive parameters in order to obtain the expected behavior. Ansoft's PExprt software is capable of creating accurate models for these complex components, letting the designer select the appropriate winding strategy without time-consuming prototyping iterations. PExprt uses powerful finite element analysis (FEA) techniques to generate frequency-dependent models of integrated magnetic components, which include the materials and winding layout of the magnetic component.

Model Basis

The use of virtual models aids the designer in selecting the appropriate constructive parameters to obtain the expected behavior without the time and expense of build-test iterations. PExprt provides a straight-forward design procedure for generating a model from the FEA field solution. While a 3D simulation is preferred, 3D FEA solvers are not as efficient as 2D FEA solvers in terms of computation time for devices with a high number of turns. As an alternative, PExprt uses a novel 2D approach based on the application of the “Double 2D” technique ^[1] to increase computation speed yet preserve accuracy.

The model structure is based on the one presented in ^[1] and ^[7]. The structure of the model is shown in Fig. 1 for a 3-winding component (assuming one winding in each core leg). There is an electric submodel (top) coupled with a magnetic submodel (bottom).

In Fig. 1, the impedance Z₁₁ represents the windings impedance (magnetic energy and power losses) when the net current is only flowing though winding 1. Therefore, the impedance Z₁₁ is not the self-impedance of winding 1, because losses and energy at the whole component (except the core area) are considered in this impedance value. The meaning of impedances Z₂₂ and Z₃₃ is equivalent to the one of impedance Z₁₁ when net current flows through windings 2 and 3, respectively.

Z₁₂ represents the windings impedance (magnetic energy and power losses) factor due to the simultaneous conduction of net current through winding 1 and winding 2. In other words, the energy and the losses in the windings when the current is flowing simultaneously through windings 1 and 2 (transformer mode) are not the addition of the ones obtained when current is flowing through winding 1 and winding 2 alternatively (inductor mode). This effect is taken into consideration by Z₁₂. The rest of the impedances, Z_ij, are analogous to Z₁₂, describing the windings impedance due to simultaneous conduction of net current through the other pairs of windings.

The core part of the magnetic component is represented by a set of reluctances and mmf sources. There is a reluctance for each core column (Â_C) and another for each gap (Â_G). It is possible to replace the core reluctance with a nonlinear core model (such as the Jiles-Atherton model) to represent hysteresis and eddy current losses.

The simulation procedure proposed in this work is based on the “Double 2D” approach presented in ^[2]. This approach is based on the division of the windings of the magnetic component in two parts. Each part produces field distribution in different planes of the space. In this way, it is possible to use 2D FEA solvers to study these structures.

Fig. 2 shows the actual 3D structure and the double 2D simulations needed to simulate it. The double 2D process requires simulation of four 2D structures. However, the simulations that account for the field distribution in the air for each leg (side views) are very simple. Therefore, the solution time for these three cases is extremely short.

The FEA model offers several advantages. Because it is based on FEA calculations, it is accurate (error below 10% for most of the application range) and 2D effects (such as the fringing flux effect around the air gap) are considered. The model also is frequency dependent and is valid for nonsinusoidal waveforms. Another benefit is that the couplings between each pair of windings are accurately calculated.

Speed is another advantage. The solution time is fast — the average time for common components is less than 15 min. Furthermore, the model generation is completely implemented in PExprt, so the user does not need to learn how to use the FEA solver. PExprt creates the FEA project automatically and solves the fields.

Generating the Model

Defining the core shape, size and material

The selection of the core shape and size is simple. PExprt provides libraries containing most of the commercially available cores. The appropriate core shape for an integrated structure can be directly selected from the library. An EI shape is selected for this example, as shown in Fig. 3.

Defining the winding setup

Once the core is selected, the winding setup for each core leg should be defined. PExprt provides a flexible user interface that allows the user defining any winding connection. The turns can be connected either in parallel or series, creating any possible interleaving structures. A different winding strategy can be defined and assigned for each core leg. Once the winding setups are created and assigned to each core leg, a cross-section view of the component can be visualized, as shown in Fig. 4. For this device all windings are on the outer core legs only.

Defining the pc-board conductors

The thickness and width of each planar track can be defined easily to obtain the real behavior (resistance, coupling, leakage and magnetizing inductances, and capacitive effects) of the component. The pc-board conductors are defined through easy-to-use menus such as that shown in Fig. 5.

Exploring the Results

PExprt contains a model generation engine that connects the FEA solver with the equivalent circuit model. Once the model is obtained, it can be exported to a circuit simulator (Simplorer, PSpice) or it can be used in PExprt to explore the small-signal behavior of the component.

The resistance and leakage inductance as a function of frequency can be plotted using the tool. The dc resistance, magnetizing inductance and parasitic capacitive effects also can be obtained. Fig. 6 shows the resistance as a function of the frequency.

Once the integrated magnetic model is generated with PExprt Modeler, you can use that circuit model in Simplorer to explore the performance of your entire circuit. The resulting schematic is represented in Fig. 7.

Validating Results

To demonstrate how to use PExprt, we model a push-pull forward converter with integrated magnetics for a voltage regulator module (VRM) that produces a 1.2-V, 70-A output from a 48-V input. The example is based on the paper, “Design of 48-V Voltage Regulator Modules with a Novel Integrated Magnetics.” ^[3] In this structure, all the magnetic components, including input filter inductor, step-down transformer and output filter inductors, are integrated into a single EI or EE core. The transformer windings (primary 1 and primary 2) as well as the inductor winding (secondary) are wound on the two outer legs. The interleaving winding technique is used to minimize the leakage inductance of the integrated transformer. The core structure has an air gap in the center leg and no air gap in the two outer legs. Fig. 8 shows the topology selected for this example. The validity of the integrated magnetics component model was confirmed in the lab where the measured results for the device closely matched those simulated by PExprt.”

References

1. Asensi, R.; Cobos, J.A.; Garcia, O.; Prieto, R.; and Uceda, J. “A Full Procedure to Model High Frequency Transformer Windings.” Power Electronics Specialist Conference (PESC) 1994.

2. Prieto, R.; Cobos, J.A.; Garcia, O.; Alou, P.; and Uceda, J. “Model of Integrated Magnetics by Means of ‘Double 2D’ Finite Element Analysis Techniques.” Power Electronics Specialist Conference (PESC) 1994.

3. Xu, P; Ye, M; Wong, P; Lee, F.C. “Design of 48-V Voltage Regulator Modules with a Novel Integrated Magnetics.” Power Electronics IEEE Transactions, Vol. 17, No. 6 (November 2002), pp. 990-998.

4. Wei, J.; Xu, P.; Lee, F.C. “A High Efficiency Topology for 12-V VRM-Push-Pull Buck and Its Integrated Magnetics Implementations.” Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition 2002. Seventeenth Annual IEEE, Vol. 2, 2002, pp. 679-685.

5. Xu, P. and Lee, F.C. “Design of High-Input Voltage Regulator Modules with a Novel Integrated Magnetics.” Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition 2001. Sixteenth Annual IEEE, Vol.1, 2001, pp. 262-267.

6. Chen, W.; Hua, G.; Sable, D.; Lee, F. “Design of High-Efficiency, Low-Profile, Low-voltage Converter with Integrated Magnetics.” Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1997. 12^th Annual, Vol. 2, Feb. 23-27, 1997, pp. 911-917.

7. Prieto, R; Asensi, R; Cobos, J; and Uceda, J. “A Full Procedure to Model Integrated Magnetics based on FEA.” APEC 2004 Conference Proceedings.